供儿童阅读的帕特农神庙——一座献给雅典娜女神的古希腊神庙

帕特农神庙

Parthenon at night

帕特农神庙是一座献给雅典娜的神庙,矗立在雅典卫城的最高点。在青铜时代后期,雅典卫城是雅典国王(如神话里的特修斯)居住的地方,当发生战争时,人们也都进入雅典卫城防卫自己。但是黑暗年代后,不再有国王统治雅典人,取而代之的是寡头政体。所以雅典卫城里不再有国王居住。相反,雅典卫城成为雅典娜女神视为神圣的地方,雅典人在那里为她竖立了一座神庙

在现存这座帕特农神庙修建以前,原址上至少曾经在古风时期建造过一座帕特农神庙,用石灰石建成。在公元前480年的萨拉米斯海战之前不久,波斯战争爆发。波斯人洗劫雅典,摧毁了第一座帕特农神庙。仅有一些碎片残留,掩埋于战争后的雅典卫城。

波斯战争后很长一段时间内,雅典人一直保留着雅典卫城的废墟状态,作为对战争的纪念。但是在公元前440年代,也就是一代以后,雅典人希望重建一座规模更大、形态更美的帕特农神庙。

为筹集经费来修建这座全新、宏大、美观的神庙,雅典人动用来自其联盟国供奉的财物,而这些财物原本应该用于保护希腊,防止波斯人的入侵。

雅典人雇请了两位伟大的建筑师——卡里克拉特和伊克提诺斯,和一位伟大的雕塑家——菲迪亚斯,让他们来重建帕特农神庙。这次,整座建筑是用大理石建成,采用最新的建筑风格,并且规模宏大。




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