Ancient and Medieval Games
Ball games have been known for thousands of years. People made balls out of leather stuffed with cloth scraps or wool, sewn together with leather thongs or string (like a football today). There are pictures of both boys and girls throwing balls to one another, and of boys in classical Athens playing a game like field hockey with curved sticks and a ball. (Unfortunately we don't know the rules). In this picture you can see a girl juggling three balls, on a vase from Athens in the 400's BC.
By this time, and possibly much earlier, people also played marbles, with small balls made out of clay (the crummy ones) and out of real marble (the good ones). (Glass marbles were not invented until much later. It is still possible, though not easy, to buy clay marbles, but I have not found a source for stone ones). Again we don't know the rules. But probably they played the same basic games of marbles that we know today: one version where you take turns tossing the marbles at a goal (another marble, a hole, or a wall), and another version where you take turns shooting the marbles within a circle drawn in the dirt, trying to get them out of the circle.
An excellent source of information on Roman ball games is at this page with lots of pictures.
Another type of game was played with wooden hoops and sticks, either tossing the hoop up in the air and trying to keep it up in the air with the sticks (rather like a hula hoop), or rolling the hoop along the ground pushing it with the stick.
Many very simple games are also very old, like running races and playing tag, or competing to see who can jump the highest or the farthest. They also played hopscotch, which seems to have started out as a training exercise for the Roman army.
The Egyptians, Greeks,
and Romans were also very fond of
board games like backgammon and checkers. Archaeologists often find
paving stones in houses and
in public buildings
and sidewalks which have had little hollows carved out of them to place
stones in, to play board games. The hollows are made in different patterns
for different games. Again we don't know the rules. These games may
have been like the African game Mancala.
Many times we find these boards in places where men were bored, like
in the doorways of guardposts, where the men (maybe slaves)
had to sit all day in case somebody came. Somewhere in China, chess
was invented and became very popular, eventually making its way west
to India, then the Islamic Empire, and finally to Europe.
To find out more about ancient and medieval games, check out these books from Amazon.com or from your library:
Kids Around the World Play!: The Best Fun and Games from Many Lands, by Arlette N. Braman (2002). For kids. There are lots of ancient games in here too, even though the title doesn't say so.
Oxford History of Board Games, by David Parlett (1999). For adults - more like an encylopedia, very complete but hard to read.
Chinese games (Kung Fu)
Indian games (Parcheesi, Chess, Chutes and Ladders)
Roman games (Gladiators)
West Asian games (Gambling and horse races)
Egyptian games (Dice)
Greek games (Olympics)
Islamic games (Polo and Chess)
Medieval games (Tournaments)
North American games (Lacrosse)
Teacher's Guides for Games
